Which of the following is a form of non-verbal communication?

Body language is a significant form of non-verbal communication, encompassing gestures, facial expressions, posture, and other physical behaviors that convey messages without the use of words. It plays a crucial role in expressing emotions and attitudes, often providing context to verbal communication or standing alone as a means of conveying information. For instance, crossed arms may indicate defensiveness, while eye contact can signal confidence or engagement.

On the other hand, text messages, phone calls, and emails predominantly rely on verbal communication, as they involve the exchange of written or spoken words to convey information. While these methods can also contain elements like tone of voice in phone calls or written style in texts and emails, they fundamentally depend on language itself rather than the non-verbal cues physical presence entails.